ETHICS
A.
DENIFINITION
ETHICS
Ethics comes from the greek ethos
which means character, the character of decency or customs where ethics are
closely related to the concept of an individual or group as an assessment tool
evaluating the truth or something that has been done. Ethics (Ancient Greek:
"ethikos", meaning "arising from habit") is a something
where and how the main branch of philosophy that studies the value or quality
becomes a study on standards and moral judgments. Ethics includes the analysis
and application of concepts such as right, wrong, good, bad, and
responsibility.
·
Definition
of Ethics According to the Experts
a.
According
Bertens: The values or norms - norms that be hold a person or group in
regulating behavior.
b.
According
to KBBI: Ethics formulated in the third sense is about what is good and what is
bad, the value relating to the morals and values of right and wrong embraced a
group or community.
c.
According
Sumaryono (1995): Ethics evolved into the study of human beings based on an
agreement according to which different space and time, which depict human
nature in human life in general. Besides ethics also evolved into the study of
truth and untruth is based on human nature manifested through human will.
B. PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS
In the history of human
civilization since the fourth century BC thinkers have tried to define the
various shades of ethical foundation to guide social life. Thinkers have
identified at least there are hundreds of ideas the great (great ideas). The
whole idea or the grand idea can be summarized into six principles that are an
important cornerstone of ethics, namely beauty, equality, kindness, justice,
freedom, and truth.
a.
Principle
of Beauty
This
principle underlies everything that includes the enjoyment of pleasure to
beauty. Based on this principle, people pay attention to the values of beauty
and want to show something wonderful in his behavior. For example in dress,
spatial planning, and so making it more eager to work.
b.
Principles
of Equality
Every
human being by nature have rights and responsibilities are the same, so it
appears the demand to equality between men and women, racial equality and
equality in various other fields. This principle underlies behavior
diskrminatif on any basis.
c.
Principle
of Goodness
This
principle underlies the behavior of individuals to always seek to do good in
their interaction with their environment. This principle is usually respect of
human values such as respect- respect, compassion, helping others, and so
forth. Humans by nature always want to do good, because by doing good he will
be accepted by the environment. Governance and service provided to the public
in fact aims to create the good of society.
d.
Principles
of Justice
The
sense of justice is fixed and eternal willingness to give everyone what they
should get. Therefore, this principle underlies a person to act in a fair and
proportionate and do not take anything into the rights of others.
e.
The
principle of Freedom
Freedom
can be interpreted as the freedom of individuals to act or not act according to
his own choice. In the principle of life and human rights, every human being
has the right to do things according to his own will does not damage or
interfere with the rights of others. Therefore, every freedom should be
accompanied by responsibility so that people do not take action arbitrarily to
others. For that individual freedom here interpreted as:
1.
The
ability to do something or make a selection
2.
capability
that allows people to carry out his choice
3.
The
ability to account for his actions.
f.
The
principle of Truth
Truth
is usually used in the logic of science that emerged from the ideas of logical
/ rational. Truth must be proven and shown that the truth can be believed by
the individual and society. Not every truth can be accepted as true if it can
not dibuktikan.Semua principles described it is a basic precondition in the
development of ethical values or code of conduct in relations between
individuals, individuals with society, government, and so on. Ethics is
structured as a rule of law that will regulate people's lives, communities,
organizations, government agencies, and employees should really be able to
ensure the creation of beauty, equality, kindness, justice, freedom, and
truth
for everyone.
C. BASIS THEORY OF ETHICS
1.
Ethics
Teleology
Ethics
Teleology from the greek word telos = goal, Measuring the merits of an action
based on the goal would be achieved by the action, or based on the consequences
caused by the action. Two streams teleological ethics: Ethical Egoism, Utilitarianism
·
Ethical
Egoism
Selfishness
core view is that the actions of each person basically aims to pursue personal
and promote himself. The only purpose of moral action everyone is the pursuit
of personal interests and promote themselves. The new egoism becomes a serious
problem when it tends menjadihedonistis, when happiness and personal interests
translated solely as physical pleasure that is vulgar.
·
Utilitarianism
comes
from the Latin utilis which means "useful." According to this theory
of an act is good if it brings benefits, but the benefits it must involve not
just one or two people, but society as a whole. In the framework of utilitarian
thinking, the criteria for determining the merits of an act is "the
greatest happiness of the greatest number", the greatest happiness of the
greatest number of people.
2.
Deontology
The
term deontology comes from the greek word deon 'which means the obligation.
'Why is this good deed and the deed must be rejected as bad', deontology
replied: 'because the first act is our obligation and for the second act
prohibited'. The basis for the good or bad deeds is a duty. Deontological
approach has been accepted in the context of religion, it is also one of the
most important ethical theories.
3.
Theory
of Rights
In
the thinking of today's moral rights theory this is probably the most widely
used approach to evaluate the merits of an act or behavior. Theory of Rights is
an aspect of the theory of deontology, as it relates to liability. Rights and
obligations are like two sides of the same coin. Rights based on human dignity
and the dignity of all human beings are the same. Therefore, the right fits
perfectly with the atmosphere of democratic thought.
4.
Theory of Virtue (Virtue)
looking
attitude or character of a person. Do not ask whether a particular act is fair,
or honest, or generous and so forth. The virtues can be defined as follows:
disposition of character that has been acquired person and allows him to behave
morally.
Example
virtue:
a.
Wisdom
b.
Justice
c.
Glutton
for work
d.
The
good life
D. EGOISM
Egoism is a motivation to
maintain and improve the view that only benefit themselves. Egoism means
putting yourself in the middle of the goal and do not care about the suffering
of others, including his beloved or who is considered a close friend. Another term
is "selfish".
Egoism is the way to maintain and
improve a favorable view for himself, and generally have an opinion to improve
one's personal image and importance - intellectual, physical, social and
others. This egoism does not see a concern for others and helping people in
general and think only about themselves
This selfish has exceptional
taste of the centrality of the 'I am' : Their personal qualities egotism means
placing ourselves at the core of one's world with no concern for others,
including loved ones or considered as "close," in any other way
except that set by selfish.
Eogisme or egotism theory
expressed by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietche which is an outspoken critic of
utilitarianism and also strongly opposed the theory of social morality. Selfishness
theory principle that everyone should be self, that is doing something that
aims to benefit yourself. In addition, any act that benefits a good deed and a
bad deed if it is self-inflicted.
The word "selfishness"
is a term derived from the Latin that is ego, which is derived from the ancient
greek word - which is still used in modern greek - ego which means
"self" or "I", and-ism, is used to demonstrate system of
belief. Thus, the term is etymologically related very closely with
philosophical egoism.
